Cold wallet, also known as offline wallet, includes hardware wallets, paper wallets, and brain wallets. It can be通俗 understood as wallets used under non-networked environments. Not all hardware wallets are necessarily cold wallets. The cold wallet we are talking about refers to the fact that the private key and signature actions are always offline, and this is used to define it as a cold wallet. Therefore, cold wallets can also be in the form of hardware, or as a software.

　　That is to say, many wallet apps support the operation of cold and hot separation.

　　There are two concepts of electronic wallet: one is pure software, mainly used for online consumption and account management, and this type of software is usually connected with bank accounts or credit card accounts. The other is a smart stored-value card for small payments, where the cardholder pre-deposits a certain amount into the card, and the transaction amount is directly deducted from the stored value account during the transaction.

　　Electronic wallet is a commonly used payment tool for customers in e-commerce shopping activities, and it is a new type of wallet commonly used for small purchases or buying small goods. Shopping with an electronic wallet usually requires operation in the electronic wallet service system. The software of electronic wallets in e-commerce activities is usually provided for free, and can be directly used with the electronic wallet software connected to the e-commerce system server of their bank account, or it can be downloaded from the Internet, using various secrecy methods to use the electronic wallet software on the Internet. Currently, there are two major electronic wallet service systems in the world: VISAcash and Mondex, and other electronic wallet service systems include MasterCardcash, EuroPay’s Clip, and Belgium’s Proton, etc.

　　Customers who use electronic wallets usually have accounts in banks. When using an electronic wallet, the relevant application software is installed on the e-commerce server, and the data on various electronic currencies or electronic financial cards can be input into the electronic wallet service system. When payment or receipt occurs, if the customer wants to make payment with an electronic credit card, such as using Visa card or MasterCard card for payment or receipt, the customer can complete it by simply clicking on the corresponding item (or icon). People often call this electronic payment method click-to-pay or electric shock payment method.

　　Only electronic currency can be completely stored in the electronic wallet, that is, electronic cash, electronic coins, secure coins, electronic credit cards, online currency, lottery and How to find it, etc. These electronic payment tools all support single-click payment methods.

　　In the e-commerce service system, there is a functional module for the management of electronic currency and electronic wallet, known as the electronic wallet manager. Customers can use it to change the secret password or secret method, and check the electronic currency accounts, lists, and data on their bank accounts. The e-commerce service system also has an electronic transaction recorder, through which customers can understand what items they have purchased, how much they have purchased, and can also print out the search results.

　　Although the use of electronic wallets often starts from a centralized city or industry, if different industries and regions develop their own electronic wallets, universality becomes an important issue. The universality brought by unified standards allows different electronic wallet acceptance terminals to share at a low cost, which is an important premise for the cross-industry and cross-regional development of electronic wallets. In terms of China, the financial IC card standard of the People’s Bank of China has established the standards for electronic wallets and electronic deposit books in China, laying the foundation for the unified development of electronic wallets in China. Currently, this standard has not established non-contact standards, which means that this standard cannot enter the largest application field of electronic wallets – traffic, so it still needs to be further improved.

　　At present, electronic wallets in China are roughly divided into two categories: industry electronic wallets (or quasi-electronic wallets) evolved from industry cards and general electronic wallets issued by banks. Due to historical and existing institutional reasons, the public transport industry is the most developed field of industry cards and the cradle of industry electronic wallets.

　　Currently, various large and medium-sized cities in China are implementing bus card projects, with different standards and implementation methods. The development of the bus card industry in Shanghai and Guangzhou is relatively rapid, mainly due to the large population base, which can bring considerable profits to the project through its transaction volume and accumulated funds. According to incomplete statistics, the total number of bus

　　Another industry electronic wallet that can be compared with public transport cards is the catering cards and commercial cards used for shopping in supermarkets and department stores issued by various localities. This type of card is generally for official expenses or company welfare for employees, and has special marketing advantages that other industry cards cannot match.

　　Abroad, general electronic wallets are under the supervision of financial institutions, while China lacks corresponding legal regulations for electronic wallets. Therefore, various industry cards entering the small payment field have no rules to follow to become general electronic wallets and can only adopt a gradual infiltration approach. Shanghai’s public transport card has been used for paying water, electricity, gas fees, and can also be used for shopping in some supermarkets. Restaurant cards and commercial cards are basically the same.

　　In addition to industry cards, the IC cards issued by each bank according to the People’s Bank of China’s financial IC card specifications are basically general electronic wallets that meet the PBOC standard. For example, the peony traffic card in Beijing, the petrochemical fuel card of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, etc.

　　Although the bank’s electronic wallet appeared as early as the 1990s, it has not been widely promoted in actual application. To date, the pure bank electronic wallet (excluding co-branded cards) has only been issued in a quantity of over 2 million.

　　Considering the overall profits of commercial banks, electronic wallets, like debit cards, can absorb deposits, and do not need to pay interest, nor do they occupy the bank’s back-end system and communication resources, making them a card type with high profits. However, the promotion of electronic wallets still faces certain difficulties. Firstly, like the United States, communication costs in China are much lower than in Europe, making the offline transaction cost advantage of electronic wallets negligible. In the small payment field where bank debit and credit cards can enter, besides the advantage of transaction speed, electronic wallets have little to offer in other aspects. Secondly, the small payment field that currently requires a high level of transaction speed mainly includes highways, parking lots, subways, buses, taxis, and fast-food restaurants, where contactless cards are more practical. However, at present, the bank’s electronic wallet does not have a non-contact standard, so its application in some small payment fields is limited. In addition, in terms of marketing methods, one of the important reasons why industry cards can be promoted is that they can issue commercial invoices, forming the main sales channel for group purchases of value cards. However, bank electronic wallets do not have this marketing channel for group purchases. Therefore, banks are very cautious about investing in purely payment functions electronic wallets.

　　Of course, due to the need for inter-industry competition, some industries have also begun to open their own business platforms, making full use of the payment function advantages of financial electronic wallets to attract more consumers.

　　Electronic wallets are widely used, bringing a lot of convenience to people!!

　　There are two concepts of electronic wallet: one is pure software, mainly used for online consumption and account management, and this type of software is usually connected with bank accounts or credit card accounts. The other is a smart stored-value card for small payments, where the cardholder pre-deposits a certain amount into the card, and the transaction amount is directly deducted from the stored value account during the transaction.

　　Electronic wallet is a commonly used payment tool for customers in e-commerce shopping activities, and it is a new type of wallet commonly used for small purchases or buying small goods. Shopping with an electronic wallet usually requires operation in the electronic wallet service system. The software of electronic wallets in e-commerce activities is usually provided for free, and can be directly used with the electronic wallet software connected to the e-commerce system server of their bank account, or it can be downloaded from the Internet, using various secrecy methods to use the electronic wallet software on the Internet. Currently, there are two major electronic wallet service systems in the world: VISAcash and Mondex, and other electronic wallet service systems include MasterCardcash, EuroPay’s Clip, and Belgium’s Proton, etc.

　　Customers who use electronic wallets usually have accounts in banks. When using an electronic wallet, the relevant application software is installed on the e-commerce server, and the data on various electronic currencies or electronic financial cards can be input into the electronic wallet service system. When payment or receipt occurs, if the customer wants to make payment with an electronic credit card, such as using Visa card or MasterCard card for payment or receipt, the customer can complete it by simply clicking on the corresponding item (or icon). People often call this electronic payment method click-to-pay or electric shock payment method.

　　Only electronic currency can be completely stored in the electronic wallet, that is, electronic cash, electronic coins, secure coins, electronic credit cards, online currency, lottery and How to find it, etc. These electronic payment tools all support single-click payment methods.

　　In the e-commerce service system, there is a functional module for the management of electronic currency and electronic wallet, known as the electronic wallet manager. Customers can use it to change the secret password or secret method, and check the electronic currency accounts, lists, and data on their bank accounts. The e-commerce service system also has an electronic transaction recorder, through which customers can understand what items they have purchased, how much they have purchased, and can also print out the search results.

　　Although the use of electronic wallets often starts from a centralized city or industry, if different industries and regions develop their own electronic wallets, universality becomes an important issue. The universality brought by unified standards allows different electronic wallet acceptance terminals to share at a low cost, which is an important premise for the cross-industry and cross-regional development of electronic wallets. In terms of China, the financial IC card standard of the People’s Bank of China has established the standards for electronic wallets and electronic deposit books in China, laying the foundation for the unified development of electronic wallets in China. Currently, this standard has not established non-contact standards, which means that this standard cannot enter the largest application field of electronic wallets – traffic, so it still needs to be further improved.

　　At present, electronic wallets in China are roughly divided into two categories: industry electronic wallets (or quasi-electronic wallets) evolved from industry cards and general electronic wallets issued by banks. Due to historical and existing institutional reasons, the public transport industry is the most developed field of industry cards and the cradle of industry electronic wallets.

　　Currently, various large and medium-sized cities in China are implementing bus card projects, with different standards and implementation methods. The development of the bus card industry in Shanghai and Guangzhou is relatively rapid, mainly due to the large population base, which can bring considerable profits to the project through its transaction volume and accumulated funds. According to incomplete statistics, the total number of bus

　　Another industry electronic wallet that can be compared with public transport cards is the catering cards and commercial cards used for shopping in supermarkets and department stores issued by various localities. This type of card is generally for official expenses or company welfare for employees, and has special marketing advantages that other industry cards cannot match.

　　Abroad, general electronic wallets are under the supervision of financial institutions, while China lacks corresponding legal regulations for electronic wallets. Therefore, various industry cards entering the small payment field have no rules to follow to become general electronic wallets and can only adopt a gradual infiltration approach. Shanghai’s public transport card has been used for paying water, electricity, gas fees, and can also be used for shopping in some supermarkets. Restaurant cards and commercial cards are basically the same.

　　In addition to industry cards, the IC cards issued by each bank according to the People’s Bank of China’s financial IC card specifications are basically general electronic wallets that meet the PBOC standard. For example, the peony traffic card in Beijing, the petrochemical fuel card of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, etc.

　　Although the bank’s electronic wallet appeared as early as the 1990s, it has not been widely promoted in actual application. To date, the pure bank electronic wallet (excluding co-branded cards) has only been issued in a quantity of over 2 million.

　　Considering the overall profits of commercial banks, electronic wallets, like debit cards, can absorb deposits, and do not need to pay interest, nor do they occupy the bank’s back-end system and communication resources, making them a card type with high profits. However, the promotion of electronic wallets still faces certain difficulties. Firstly, like the United States, communication costs in China are much lower than in Europe, making the offline transaction cost advantage of electronic wallets negligible. In the small payment field where bank debit and credit cards can enter, besides the advantage of transaction speed, electronic wallets have little to offer in other aspects. Secondly, the small payment field that currently requires a high level of transaction speed mainly includes highways, parking lots, subways, buses, taxis, and fast-food restaurants, where contactless cards are more practical. However, at present, the bank’s electronic wallet does not have a non-contact standard, so its application in some small payment fields is limited. In addition, in terms of marketing methods, one of the important reasons why industry cards can be promoted is that they can issue commercial invoices, forming the main sales channel for group purchases of value cards. However, bank electronic wallets do not have this marketing channel for group purchases. Therefore, banks are very cautious about investing in purely payment functions electronic wallets.

　　Of course, due to the need for inter-industry competition, some industries have also begun to open their own business platforms, making full use of the payment function advantages of financial electronic wallets to attract more consumers.online casino platform and The latest method

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